Environmental Science

Answers to quiz 1.1, in complete sentences.

1. Earth is compared to a spaceship because it is also a closed system. For the most part resources do not enter or leave the earth.

2. Energy from the sun is an example of a renewable resource. It can be replaced relatively quickly by natural processes.

3. Mercury, lead and some plastics are examples of nondegradable resources. They can not be broken down by natural processes.

4. Biodegradable substances can be broken down by natural processes. Examples are: sewage, paper, wood, food.

5. Biodiversity is defined as the # and variety of species that live in an area.

6. Environmental science involves many fields of study so it is considered to be an interdisciplinary science.

7. Hunter-gatherer societies occurred prior (before) the agricultural revolution and the industrial revolution.

8. Hunter-gatherer societies changed their environment by burning praries which prevented the growth of trees and by spreading plants/seeds to new areas.

9. During the agricultural revolution plants and animals were domesticated. This led to population growth.

10. The over hunting of large animals was not the direct result of the industrial revolution.

Chapter 1, section 1, outline

Assigned 8-14-08 due Monday 8-18-08

Outlining is an important skill to develop. The goal is to pick out the information that is most important and leave behind the fluff so that your final result is a condensed version of the original. The process of outlining is an important skill and the resulting outline is a good tool and study guide. When we have quizzes, they will often be open note so if you have a good outline the quizzes should be a breeze.

Directions: Outline chapter 1, section 1 (pages 5-8). First read the objectives and key terms (page 5). At a minimum, these should be explained in your outline. The outline should be a brief summary of the chapter. Read one paragraph at a time and then sum it up it a phrase or two. It is not necessary for the outline to be in complete sentences. A finished outline will probably be 1-2 pages if hand written or less than 1 page if typed.

After you finish your outline, re-read the objectives to see if your outline meets those objectives. Then read the section review and see if you can answer those questions in your head. You do not have to answer the on paper but you should be prepared to answer them if you see them on a quiz or a test.

An example of an outline of the first paragraph might be as follows:

Environment – everything around us, natural or man made, living and non-living, more than what we can see, made of complex relationship with all around us.

The outline of the second paragraph should contain a definition of environmental science but does not have to contain the details about Keen High School’s mussel research.

Week 35, Environmental Science, Mr. Vaught May 5^th – May 9^th , 2008

Objectives:

1. HFACEnvironmentalScience.blogspot.com

2. Finish chapter 21, economics, policy and the future

3. Finish lab report on natural antibiotics

4. Begin review for Final exam.

5. Extra credit: field guide and community garden and news articles.

6. Continue labs, Winogradsky column, look at water samples with microscopes

Monday: 05-12-08

Questions on lab reports

Handouts/homework:

Tuesday: 05-13-08

Exam chapter 21, take home, you may use notes and books

Turn in outline 21.3 and rough draft of lab report

Handout/Homework:

Wednesday: 05-14-08

Return rough draft of lab reports for final draft, due Friday

Review for final, chapters 8,9,10

Homework/handout:

Thursday: 05-15-08

Review chapters 11, 12

Handout/homework:

Friday: 05-16-08

Review chapters 13, 20, 21

Turn in final lab reports

Turn in journals, and chapter 21 take home exams.

Homework/Handout:

Environmental Journal Topics

051208 At what level of government do individual citizens have the most influence?

051308 Sketch two population pyramids, one for a developed country and one for a developing country.

051408 Give an example of a captive breeding program that was successful. How do they work and what are their limitations?

051508 Describe the 6 steps of drinking water treatment and why we do each step.

051608 Name 4 types of air pollution that may cause cancer.

Chapter 21.3 outline: Importance of Individuals

Table 4: early environmentalists – concerned about the environment

Henry David Thoreau – Walden Pond

John Muir – naturalist, explorer, founded Sierra Club

Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt – conservation president, national forest, parks, monuments

Alice Hamilton – diseases caused by chemicals (like lead)

Rachael Carson – biologist, pesticides, Silent Spring

Paul Ehrlich – ecologist, The Population Bomb

Jane Goodall – primate behavior research, endangered species

Marion Stoddart – A river ran wild, Mass. river

Jacues Cousteau – French oceanographer, documentary films to promote env. awareness

Garrett Hardin -- “The Tragedy of the Commons”

1960s – Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring  congress passed the Wilderness Act  designated wilderness areas, allowed minimal impact activities like camping and hiking

1960s – disasters

Air pollution in NYC blamed for 300 deaths

Bald eagle becomes endangered through use of DDT

Oil spill, pollution

Applying your knowledge

Voting – for candidates that support issues that are important to you. – influence

Candidate legislative history through media, voter organizations, Web sites

Non-profit organizations

Weighing the evidence – “think globally, act locally” – every day actions have broad effects

Be aware of how actions affect our environment

Consumer Choices – “reduse, reuse, recycle” actions people can take for the environment

Chapter 21.2 outline: Environmental Policies in the United States

Struggle to use resources in a sustainable way

History of US Environmental Policy

1800s people used resources indiscriminately – prairie, forests, animals destroyed

1900s people began to recognize consequences

John Muir and Teddy Roosevelt called for increased protection and management of lands

Established national forests, parks, and agencies to manage them

1930s crop disasters, dust bowl -- poor farming practices causing soil erosion and poverty

Began to focus on soil conservation, waste disposal and pollution problems

1970 First Earth Day and the EPA created – enforces clean air and clean water acts

Set standards for acceptable levels of pollution

Uses regulations and economic incentives

Environmental concerns conflict with politics, migration, trade, personal freedoms

Environmental Impact Statements – governmental agencies are required to file this report for any proposed projects that would have a significant impact on the environment

Such as Dams, highways, airports

States the need for the project, impact, ways to minimize impact

Public feedback taken into consideration

Also used when proposals to change the way resources are used

Glen Canyon Dam upstream from the Grand Canyon

Unfunded Mandates and Economic Impacts

Limit federal governments ability to pass environmental laws

Can not have Unfunded mandates – regulations that do not provide funds for implementation.

Federal gov. must now pay for any new laws that cost more than 50 million to implement

Agencies must assess the environmental and economic impact

Influencing Economic Policy –

Individuals, consumers, businesses, media, and organizations can influence policy

Federal, state and local environmental laws

Individuals have more influence on local laws and representatives

Local Governments and planning boards, city councils, hold public meetings

Decide how land is used and developed, where businesses and housing are located

Plan public facilities like waste disposal and recycling

Often local governments do not work together

State governments – may set laws with higher standards than federal

California vehicle emissions standards to lessen air pollution

Have control over how to implement standards

Lobbying – organized attempt to influence law makers, urge them to vote a certain way

Both industry, businesses, and environmental groups, unions

Media and Sources of Information about environmental topics

Reports are often brief and leave out important info.

Should evaluate sources for bias and accuracy

Other sources are scientific reports, magazines, and Web sites, local meetings and news letters.

Chapter 21.1, economics and international cooperation

7 million people on earth, use more resources, live longer

Sustainability – when humans use resources in a way that we can survive forever

Must take into account economics, political science, and environmental science

International development and Cooperation

Globalization – environmental, social, economic conditions cross borders

People and countries debate about how to deal with environmental problems, population growth, resource use and pollution

The World Conservation Union (1948) – sustainable development

Earth Summit (1992) – Agenda 21, plan to address many environmental problems

World summit on Sustainable Development (2002)

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1988) – climate change

Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer (1987)

Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change (1997)

US did not sign because costs a lot and requires developed countries to reduce their production of fossil fuels but not developing countries

MARPOL – marine pollution, regulates dumping waste and oil near shore. (1973)

CITES – Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (1973)

Law of the Sea (1982) designates deep sea resources as “the common heritage of mankind”

Economics and the Environment

Economics – the study of the choices people make as they use and distribute limited resources.

Markets – self-contained economic system

value – how much something is worth, benefit of a product or service

economic growth – increase in the flow of money and products in a market

Economic systems may not take into account external factors that do not have a direct or obvious economic value, like wildlife and pollution

Environmental problems seen as market failures because the market does not reflect its true price

Regulation and Economic incentives

Fines and jail

Paying for actions that benefit society, rebates, low-interest loans for those that build solar homes

Charging or taxing those that hurt the society, pollution tax

To link economic decisions with environmental effects

Private Efforts – businesses and private organizations

Recycle waste, save cost and public image

Research and environmental management plan

Nature Conservancy – nonprofit organization, collects donation of money and land to create preserves

Week 35, Environmental Science, Mr. Vaught May 5^th – May 9^th , 2008

Objectives:

1. HFACEnvironmentalScience.blogspot.com

2. Begin chapter 21, economics, policy and the future

3. Conduct lab on natural antibiotics

4. Extra credit: field guide and community garden and news articles.

5. Continue labs, Winogradsky column, look at water samples with microscopes

Monday: 05-05-08

Substitute did not hand out work sheets  free day

Handouts/homework:

Tuesday: 05-06-08

Present papers on antibiotics

Quiz 21.1 economics and international cooperation

Handout/Homework: quiz 21.1

Wednesday: 05-07-08

Antibiotics lab, write observation, hypothesis, and procedures

Homework/handout: Outline 21.2, due Thursday

Thursday: 05-08-08

Lab: examine bacterial growth

Environmental policy

Handout/homework:

Friday: 05-09-08

Lab: examine bacterial growth, write notes for results.

Begin lab reports

Turn in journals

Homework/Handout: Outline 21.3

Environmental Journal Topics

050508 No journal

050608 Describe the intention of each of the following. CITES, MARPOL, Montreal Protocol, Kyoto Protocol. Which do you think was most successful? (p 534-535)

050708 Give examples of 3 federal agencies and list their environmental responsibilities. (p540, table 3)

050808 If you were to our state representatives about an environmental issue what would you talk about? Write one paragraph with supporting arguments.

050908 What is an environmental issue that you feel strongly about? What could we or should we do about it? Is this a local, state, or federal issue?

Week 34, Environmental Science, Mr. Vaught April 28^th – May 2^nd , 2008

Objectives:

1. HFACEnvironmentalScience.blogspot.com

2. Chapter 20 review and exam, The environment and human health

3. Begin chapter 21, economics, policy and the future of our environment

4. Design lab on natural antibiotics

5. Extra credit: field guide and community garden and news articles.

6. Continue labs, Winogradsky column, look at water samples with microscopes

Monday: 042808

Review of chapter 20

Handouts/homework: 20 review, due Tuesday.

Tuesday: 042908

Exam on chapter 20

Handout/Homework:

Wednesday: 043008

Outline 21.1 Economics and international cooperation

Microscopy: look at specimen from last week

Homework/handout:

Thursday: 05-01-08

Design lab on natural antibiotics

Return exam and discuss current grades and make-up work and extra-credit opportunities

Handout/homework: Paper on Natural Antibiotics (200 words, due Tuesday the 6^th) write 200 words on a “natural antibiotic” such as garlic, onions, tumeric, honey, eucalyptus, sage, thyme, oregano, Echinacea, Ginger, olive leaf extract, tea tree oil, grapefruit seed oil, ginsing, or lemon oil. Some of the questions you should try to answer are:

Theories on how it works, the recommended dose, how it is extracted, possible side effects, warnings, or allergies, history of how it has been used in the past, and any scientific studies. You should use at least 3 sources and cite all you sources at the end of your paper.

Friday: 04-25-08

Sustainability and economics

Pour plates for next weeks experiment

Turn in journals

Handout: Quiz 21.1

Environmental Journal Topics

042808 What is the relationship between waste disposal and human health

042908 Name 4 emerging viruses

043008 What are two ways governments manipulate economics to achieve environmental goals?

050108 What are 3 steps we need to take to achieve sustainability.

050208 Give two examples of private efforts to address environmental problems.

Chapter 20 review

What are the effects of the following pollutants?

Pollutants Effects

1. Particulates

2. Pesticides

3. Lead

4. Coal dust

5. Bacteria in food

6. Which of the above pollutants are found in vehicle exhaust, fires, burning waste, and tobacco smoke?

7. What are two diseases that can be caused directly by pollution?

8. Define toxicology.

9. What are three reasons scientists study epidemiology?

10. When do naturally occurring substances become hazardous?

11. What air pollutants are released by vehicles burning fossil fuels?

12. What are three ways improper waste disposal contributes to pollution?

13. How are cholera and dysentery spread through the environment?

14. What are the effects of cholera and dysentery?

15. What causes bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics?

16. What environmental change is likely to contribute to the spread of parasites such as hookworm?

17. Name 4 emerging viruses? Can any of them be prevented by immunizations or vaccines?

18. What determines the toxic effect of a dose on a person?

19. Define risk assessment.

20. How do particulates in the air cause health problems?

21. How do people catch malaria?

22. For malaria, what is the host? What is the vector? What is the pathogen?

Honors chapter 20 review

What pollutant causes:

Black lung disease?

Brain damage and learning problems?

Asthma, bronchitis, and cancer?

Gastrointestinal problems?

Nerve damage, birth defects, and cancer?

Schistosomiasis?

Define and give examples of or explain how it is used:

Pathogen

Vector

Host

Risk assessment

Epidemiology

Toxicology

Cross-species transfer

Persistent pesticide

Dose response curve

E.P.A.

W.H.O.

What are sources of the following pollutants and what are their health effects?

Radon

Lead

Mercury

Coal dust

Particulates

Pesticides

Bacteria in food

Bacteria in water

Why are people in developing countries affected more environmental problems than those in developed countries?

How does the construction of irrigation canals and dams contribute to infectious diseases?

How can we be exposed to industrial chemicals in our homes?

How does inadequate waste disposal cause pollution in the US?

What are three different ways that infectious diseases can be spread?

What is the role of water in the spread of cholera and malaria?

Name four disease-causing bacteria that have developed antibiotic resistance and why this is a problem.

Chapter 20.2, biological hazards

Organisms that carry disease

New diseases of 20^th century -- AIDS, ebola, west nile virus, hanta virus, mad cow disease

Old diseases – malaria, tuberculosis, yellow fever, hookworm

Environment’s role in disease

Pathogens – organisms that cause infectious diseases

Spread through air or water or by a secondary host such as mosquitos, ticks, fleas

Host – an organism in which a pathogen lives for at least part of its life.

See table II of diseases causes and # of deaths per year

Waterborne disease – nearly ¾ of infectious diseases are transmitted through water

water used for drinking, waste disposal, washing

A good breading ground for pathogens

Vectors – organisms that transmit diseases to people (like mosquitoes)

Building irrigation canals and dams – more standing water – habitat for vectors

Cholera – water polluted by human feces  cholera and dysentery  lose water by diarrhea and vomiting – dehydration – cause most infant mortality around the world

Malaria – caused by a parasitic protest carried by some species of mosquito – lay eggs in stagnant fresh water.

Environmental Change and disease –

Pollutants in soil spread through soil erosion and bare feet

Antibiotic resistance – pathogens evolve to be resistant to antibiotics

Antibiotics used in livestock  resistant Salmonella, Escherichia coli and other bacteria

Grow in improperly refrigerated meat, dairy and not killed when not cooked properly

Malaria on the march – global warming  more breeding grounds for mosquitoes

Mosquitoes have also evolved resistance to pesticides – spread through N. America and Europe

Emerging viruses ­– previously unknown viruses – AIDS, hanta virus, ebola, west nile

Vaccines very specific and viruses evolve to evade vaccines effectivness

Cross Species transfer – disease transfer from one species to another

HIV and West Nile, hemorrhagic fever  hemmorage – bleeding

Influenza, flu passes to bird and back to people

May be greatest threat to human health

May be caused by destroying natural habitats

Chapter 20.1, pollution and human health

Environmental effects on health

Pollution kills directly (by poisoning us, lead, cancer)

Or indirectly (infectious diseases spread in polluted environments, cholera, river blindness)

World Health Organization (WHO) – ranks countries by poor health = # of days of healthy life lost to death and disease (per person each year)

Infectious diseases more prominent in developing countries with poor sanitation

Poor sanitation – bacteria in food  gastrointestinal infections

Toxicology – study of the harmful effects of substances on organisms

How is it dangerous?

Ingested – taken in

How much of the pollutant is in the environment and how much gets into the body?

Dose – amount of a harmful substance that a person is exposed to.

Response – the damage that results from an exposure

Dependent on the size of the dose, how many doses, persons size, how well the body breaks down the chemical

Persistent chemical breaks down very slowly (like DDT) more people likely to come in contact with them in the environment and more likely to remain in the body

Dose response curve – shows the relative effect of various doses of drug or chemical on an organism as determined by experiments

Threshold dose – largest amount that has no adverse affect

Epidemiology – the study of the spread of diseases or how to prevent the spread of disease

Epidemiologists collect data from health workers on when and where cases of disease have occurred to find out it origin, how it spread and how future spread might be prevented

Risk is probability of a negative outcome (like disease, injury, death)

Risk assessment – an estimate of the harm posed by an action or substance

Compile and evaluate the existing information on the substance

Determine how people might be exposed

Determine the toxicity of the substance

Characterize the risk that the substance poses to the public

May lead to government regulation on how and where the substance can be used

(the EPA formulates these regulation in the US)

Pollution from natural sources – a problem when concentrated above natural levels

Radon – granite bedrock  from cancer

Particulates – dust, soot, breath into lungs  bronchitis, emphysema

From Dust storms, volcanoes, wild fires

Heavy metals – arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury  nerve damage

Pollution from human activities – chemicals, only 10% of commercial chemicals have been tested for their toxicity

About 1000 new chemicals are produced each year

Many linked to cancer, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease

Burning fuels – vehicles, furnaces, power plants and factories – gases and particulates  asthma, heart disease, lung disorders

Pesticides – kill unwanted organisms such as insects, fungi, weeds – more food for us

Dangerous to humans if dose is large enough

Organophosphates – very toxic – cause nerve damage and cancer

Most poisoning occurs when people apply the chemicals

modern pesticides break down quickly into harmless substances

Persistent pesticides still used in developing countries, especially dangerous to children still developing internal organs and eat more in relation to body size

Chemicals that disrupt hormones (the endocrine system)

Hormones – chemicals that circulate in the bloodstream and control processes such as development of muscles and sex organs, control production of proteins

Hormone mimics – behave like natural hormones,

come from detergents and contraceptive pills

Hormone disruptors – prevent natural hormones (like testosterone) from functioning,

examples – phthalates used in cosmetics, hair dyes and fingernail polish

PCBs (polychlorinated bephenyls), lead, mercury, some pesticides

May be related to large increase in cancers of the prostate, testicles, ovaries, breasts in industrialized countries

50% Reduced sperm count in industrialized countries in last 50 years

Industrial chemicals – building, furnishing, manufacturing,

Lead, PCBs, -- do not break down, cause brain damage, learning disabilities, lower IQ

In fish from the great lakes

Waste disposal – inadequate waste disposal  much of the pollution in the environment

Waster water Oil and toxic chemicals in water ways

Incineration  toxic air pollution

Mining  pollutes streams and rivers

Landfills leak

How to dispose of radioactive waste from nuclear power plants?

Chapter 20.1, pollution and human health

Environmental effects on health

Pollution kills directly (by poisoning us, lead, cancer)

Or indirectly (infectious diseases spread in polluted environments, cholera, river blindness)

World Health Organization (WHO) – ranks countries by poor health = # of days of healthy life lost to death and disease (per person each year)

Infectious diseases more prominent in developing countries with poor sanitation

Poor sanitation – bacteria in food  gastrointestinal infections

Toxicology – study of the harmful effects of substances on organisms

How is it dangerous?

Ingested – taken in

How much of the pollutant is in the environment and how much gets into the body?

Dose – amount of a harmful substance that a person is exposed to.

Response – the damage that results from an exposure

Dependent on the size of the dose, how many doses, persons size, how well the body breaks down the chemical

Persistent chemical breaks down very slowly (like DDT) more people likely to come in contact with them in the environment and more likely to remain in the body

Dose response curve – shows the relative effect of various doses of drug or chemical on an organism as determined by experiments

Threshold dose – largest amount that has no adverse affect

Epidemiology – the study of the spread of diseases or how to prevent the spread of disease

Epidemiologists collect data from health workers on when and where cases of disease have occurred to find out it origin, how it spread and how future spread might be prevented

Risk is probability of a negative outcome (like disease, injury, death)

Risk assessment – an estimate of the harm posed by an action or substance

Compile and evaluate the existing information on the substance

Determine how people might be exposed

Determine the toxicity of the substance

Characterize the risk that the substance poses to the public

May lead to government regulation on how and where the substance can be used

(the EPA formulates these regulation in the US)

Pollution from natural sources – a problem when concentrated above natural levels

Radon – granite bedrock  from cancer

Particulates – dust, soot, breath into lungs  bronchitis, emphysema

From Dust storms, volcanoes, wild fires

Heavy metals – arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury  nerve damage

Pollution from human activities – chemicals, only 10% of commercial chemicals have been tested for their toxicity

About 1000 new chemicals are produced each year

Many linked to cancer, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease

Burning fuels – vehicles, furnaces, power plants and factories – gases and particulates  asthma, heart disease, lung disorders

Pesticides – kill unwanted organisms such as insects, fungi, weeds – more food for us

Dangerous to humans if dose is large enough

Organophosphates – very toxic – cause nerve damage and cancer

Most poisoning occurs when people apply the chemicals

modern pesticides break down quickly into harmless substances

Persistent pesticides still used in developing countries, especially dangerous to children still developing internal organs and eat more in relation to body size

Chemicals that disrupt hormones (the endocrine system)

Hormones – chemicals that circulate in the bloodstream and control processes such as development of muscles and sex organs, control production of proteins

Hormone mimics – behave like natural hormones,

come from detergents and contraceptive pills

Hormone disruptors – prevent natural hormones (like testosterone) from functioning,

examples – phthalates used in cosmetics, hair dyes and fingernail polish

PCBs (polychlorinated bephenyls), lead, mercury, some pesticides

May be related to large increase in cancers of the prostate, testicles, ovaries, breasts in industrialized countries

50% Reduced sperm count in industrialized countries in last 50 years

Industrial chemicals – building, furnishing, manufacturing,

Lead, PCBs, -- do not break down, cause brain damage, learning disabilities, lower IQ

In fish from the great lakes

Waste disposal – inadequate waste disposal  much of the pollution in the environment

Waster water Oil and toxic chemicals in water ways

Incineration  toxic air pollution

Mining  pollutes streams and rivers

Landfills leak

How to dispose of radioactive waste from nuclear power plants?

Week 33, Environmental Science, Mr. Vaught April 21^th – April 25^th, 2008

Objectives:

1. HFACEnvironmentalScience.blogspot.com

2. Chapter 20, The environment and human health

3. Extra credit: field guide and community garden and news articles.

4. Continue labs, Winogradsky column, look at water samples with microscopes

Monday: 042108

Hormones and the endocrine system

Handouts/homework:

Tuesday: 042208

Industrial chemicals and waste disposal

Handout/Homework:

Wednesday: 042308

Toxicology and epidemiology

Homework/handout: quiz 20.1

Thursday: 04-24-08

Biological hazards, pathogens,

Handout/homework: quiz 20.2

Friday: 04-25-08

Chapter 20 concept review

Turn in journals

Handout: active reading worksheet, due Monday

Environmental Journal Topics

042108 What is the difference between a hormone disruptor and a hormone mimic?

042208 What is the difference between a toxicologist and an epidmiologist?

042308 Name 3 pollutants, where they come from, and their possible effects.

042408 What is the difference between a pathogen and a vector?

042508 How do the actions of humans contribute to water bourn disease?

Week 32, Environmental Science, Mr. Vaught April 14^th – April 18^th, 2008

Objectives:

1. HFACEnvironmentalScience.blogspot.com

2. Chapter 13, Exam the causes and climate and climate change, the ozone layer, and global warming.

3. Extra credit: field guide and community garden and news articles.

4. Continue labs, Winogradsky column, look at water samples with microscopes

Monday: 041408

Go over the review for 13 and map work

Handouts/homework: Take home quiz 13.3 on global warming, study for exam 13

Tuesday: 041508

Exam on chapter 13

Handout/Homework: Begin outlining 20.1 on pollution and human health, due Thursday

Wednesday: 041608

Movie, Al Gore, Disposable truth

Homework/handout:

Thursday: 04-17-08

Toxicology and epidemiology discussion

Handout/homework:

Friday: 04-11-08

Architecture and the environment

Turn in journals

Handout: 12 review

Environmental Journal Topics

041408 Why is protecting the rain forest important to protecting the world from global warming?

041508 Why is surface level ozone production a problem and not a solution to ozone destruction in the stratosphere?

041608 What is Al Gore best known for?

041708 What is the difference between hormone mimics and hormone disruptors?

041808 List 5 pollutants, their sources, and their possible affects on human health.

Review chapter 13

1. Global warming leads to

Rising sea level, increased droughts, increased storms.

2. CO2 has been measured in Hawaii since 1958 shows steady increase.

3. CO2 reduced by oceans, phytoplankton, and tropical rain forests

4. Although CFCs reduced, still a treat because they persist and destroy ozone for decades.

5. Ozone hole appears over poles because they have stratospheric clouds where Cl2 is captured.

6. Ozone protects by blocking UV light from the sun.

7. Seasonal changes occur because of earths tilt on axis of 23.5 degrees in relation to sun.

8. Elevation changes climate because, temperature falls as elevation increases.

9. As cold air sinks, it compresses and warms.

10. Weather is the atmospheric conditions on a specific day.

11. Surface ocean currents caused by wind and influenced by earths rotation.

12. La Nina has cooler water in eastern Pacific ocean.

13. Greenhouse effect, atmosphere traps heat radiated up from earths surface.

14. DNA damage caused by high UV radiation at earth’s surface.

15. Montreal protocol, established international limits on CFC production to protect the ozone layer.

16. El Nino, wind push warm water eastward in the pacific ocean.

17. CO2, greenhouse gas released into atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned.

18. Prevailing winds, trade winds, westerlies, polar easterlies.

19. Equatorial regions, have vertical sunlight, direct and strong sunlight.

20. Ozone molecules are destroyed by chlorine atoms that come from CFCs

21. Latitude –

22. Kyoto protocol –

23. Warm air can hold more water vapor than cold air

24. It takes 10-20 years for CFCs to reach the stratosphere.

25. Why is surface level ozone production a problem and not a solution to ozone destruction in the stratosphere?

26. Why is protecting the rain forest important to protecting the world from global warming?

Outline/questions for 13.2: Ozone Shield

The following are questions about the ozone shield that should be answered in a good outline of 13.2

What is the ozone layer made of?

What layer of the sky is it in?

How high up is this?

What does it protect us from?

Chemicals that cause ozone depletion

What chemicals damage the ozone layer?

How long does it take them to reach the ozone layer from the surface of the earth?

One CFC can destroy _______ ozone molecules.

The Ozone Hole

When did scientists first notice a thinning of the ozone layer?

Where is it the most thin?

How does the Ozone hole form?

What is the polar vortex?

Where does it occur?

How cold are these winds?

What are polar stratospheric clouds?

Where do they form?

When do they form?

What are they made of?

On the surface of these clouds ________ is converted to molecular ___________.

When these molecular chlorine are hit by _____ light in the spring they split into chlorine atoms which then destroy ________.

Affects of Ozone thinning of Humans

How does the thinning of the ozone layer affect humans?

Affects on Ozone thinning on Animals and plants

How does it affect other living things on earth?

What are phytoplankton?

How might they be affected by a thinning Ozone layer?

How does it affect plants?

How does it affect amphibians (like frogs)?

Protecting the Ozone layer

What have people done to protect the ozone layer?

What was the Montreal Protocol?

When was it passed?

Was it successful?

Week 31, Environmental Science, Mr. Vaught April 7^th – April 11^th, 2008

Objectives:

1. HFACEnvironmentalScience.blogspot.com

2. Chapter 12, Learn the causes and climate and climate change, the ozone layer, and global warming.

3. Extra credit: field guide and community garden and news articles.

4. Continue labs, Winogradsky column, look at water samples with microscopes

6. Please bring 20oz plastic bottles and 16oz glass jars before Wednesday

Monday: 040708

Discuss factors that influence our climate

Turn in 13.1 outline

Handouts/homework:

Tuesday: 040808

Globe and flashlight, latitude and longitude, seasons, sunset, prevailing winds.

Quiz on 13.1: Climate and Climate change

Handout/Homework: Outline 13.2 The ozone shield, due Thursday the 10^th

Wednesday: 040908

Ozone layer, the hole and prevention

Homework/handout:

Bring plastic bottles (20oz) and glass jars(16oz).

Thursday: 04-10-08

Handout/homework:

Friday: 04-11-08

Turn in journals and review

Environmental Journal Topics

040708 What is the most important factor in determining climate?

040808 Describe the difference between El Nino and La Nina weather patterns and how they affect the US.

040908 Describe three ways the hole in the ozone layer will affect life on earth?

041008 How many tons of CFCs were produced by Developed countries in 1986? How many were produced in 1996?

041108 Winogradsky columns.

Chapter 12.1 outline Air pollution

Clean air mostly N , and O gas with a little CO , argon and water

Harmful amount of other substances = air pollution

Can be solids, liquids or gas

Usually come from humans, can come from natural sources like volcanoes, dust, pollen, spores

Primary pollution – put directly into air by humans

Secondary pollution – form when primary pollutants combine with naturally occurring substances such as water vapor,

Ground-level Ozone – formed when emissions from vehicles react with UV rays and then mix with Oxygen

Sources of Primary Air Pollutants (see table 1, p. 304)

VOC = volatile organic compounds

CO = carbon monoxide

NO = nitrous oxides

SO = sulfur dioxide

PM = particulate matter

History of Air Pollution = whenever something is burned

Motor Vehicle Emmisions source of about 1/3 of air pollution from gasoline powered vehicles

Try to control with catalytic converters, convert HC, CO, and NO to H2O, CO2 and N2

Clean air act of 1970, strengthened in 1990

Gives the EPA, Environmental Protection Act, the authority to regulate vehicle emissions

Gradually eliminated the use of lead in gasoline 90 reduction in lead pollution

Required catalytic converters to be used

California Zero-emmisions vehicle program by the California Air Resources Board

Promotes vehicles that have no emissions from gasoline

16% goal by 2016, use electric or natural gas (methanol)

Industrial Air pollution –

Power plants Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides

VOC = toxic fumes

Dry cleaning, oil refineries, chemical plants, furniture finishers, automobile repair shops

Regulating industrial air pollution

Clean air act requires some to use scrubbers or other pollution control devices

Scrubbers – spray of water that removes many pollutants

Electrostatic precipitators – remove dust particles from cement or coal fired power plants

Smog – visible pollution over urban areas, auto exhaust, sunlight, air, ozone

Temperature inversions – air above is warmer than the air below, this traps pollutants near the earth’s surface sometimes caused by surrounding mountains

Week 30, Environmental Science, Mr. Vaught Mar 31^st – April 4^th, 2008

Objectives:

1. HFACEnvironmentalScience.blogspot.com

2. Chapter 12, Learn the causes and solutions to Air pollution.

3. Extra credit: field guide and community garden and news articles.

4. Continue labs, Winogradsky column, look at water samples with microscopes

6. Please bring 20oz plastic bottles and 16oz glass jars before Wednesday

Monday: 033108

Discuss lab on Acids and bases

Make up quizzes and work from last week

Handouts/homework: See handout on acids and bases.

Research paper making, what resources are used and what pollutants are released in making paper? Write answer in paragraph form, 100-200 words.

Due Wednesday, April 2^nd.

Tuesday: 040108

Quiz on 12.3 Acid rain

Concept review or Critical thinking worksheet.

Handout/Homework: Chapter 12 review, due Thursday

Wednesday: 040208

Making paper from recycled paper, dryer lint, leaves, flowers.

Turn in: paper on paper making

Homework/handout: Chapter 12 review

Bring plastic bottles (20oz) and glass jars(16oz).

Thursday: 04-03-08

In class review

More paper making

Handout/homework:

Homework/handout:

Friday: 04-04-08

Exam on chapter 12.

Turn in journals and review

After completing exam, begin outline for chapter 13 on Atmosphere and climate change

Environmental Journal Topics

033108 If each whole number on the pH scale represents a tenfold change in acidity, with the lower numbers being more acidic, how much more acidic is lemon juice with a pH of 2 than tomato juice with a pH of 4?

040108 Describe a building that is most likely to have poor air quality.

040208 What steps have the EPA, the State of California and the automobile industry taken to reduce air pollution?

040308 What are five ways individuals can reduce air pollution?

040408 What heavy metals are leached out of the soil when the precipitation is acidic?

Chapter 12.3 outline Acid Precipitation = acid rain

What causes Acid precipitation

rain, sleet, snow that is more acidic than normal

when fossil fuels are burned they release primary pollutants SO2 and NOx, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen

these combine with water in the air and form surfuric and nitric acids

flows into streams, rivers and lakes

kills living things including plants and animals

pH (power of hydrogen) scale is used to measure how acidic or basic a substance is

lower #s are more acidic, 7 is neutral, higher #s are more basic

each # increase indicates a 10 fold increase in H+ concentration

pure water has pH of 7.0

normal rain has pH of 5.6, slightly acidic because CO2 in air forms carbonic acid

often acid rain occurs downwind of large cities and industries

plants and animals have evolved to live within a particular pH range, evolution takes very long time (thousands or millions of years)

How acidic precipitation affects soils and plants

Acidification – increase in the concentration of acid, lowers the pH

Causes some nutrients to dissolve and wash away

Causes aluminum and other toxic metals to be released by soil and absorbed by plants

Also causes root damage

SO2 in water vapor (fog) clogs the openings on the surface of plants (suffocating them)

Acid precipitation and aquatic ecosystems

Acidic water can kill plants, fish and other animals

Causes aluminum to leach out of soil and into the water, accumulates in the gills of fish and interferes with oxygen and salt exchange, fish slowly suffocate

Acid shock – very quick change in pH due to snow melting in spring,  large fish kills

Affects reproduction of fish and amphibians, produce fewer eggs and many do not hatch

Off spring that do survive often have birth defects and cannot reproduce

To offset the acidification some states spray powdered limestone (basic) to neutralize acidic lakes. Not feasible to do this with all lakes and streams.

Acid precipitation and humans

release of aluminum and mercury from the soil can pollute our food and poison our body

may also cause respiratory (breathing) problems in children

hurts the fishing industry and forestry

can dissolve calcium carbonate in building materials and monuments (Michael Angelo’s David) made of marble and black crusts to form on historic Greek monuments

International Conflict and Cooperation

Acid precipitation often falls (downwind) 100s of kM away from the source of the pollution – crosses state and international boundaries, making it necessary for countries to work together, be good neighbors, to solve problems.

Chapter 12.2 outline Air, noise and light pollution

Air pollution affects young and old the most

Contributes to existing diseases

Emphysema, heart disease, and lung cancer

$ Americans 10s of billions of dollars to treat respiratory diseases related to air pollution

Short Term Effects (reversible)

Headache, nausea, irritation to eyes, nose, throat, tightness of chest, coughing, upper respiratory infections like pneumonia and bronchitis,

Also contribute to asthma and emphysema

Long term effects

Emphysema, heart disease, and lung cancer

Indoor Air Pollution

Plastics and industrial chemicals

In carpets, building materials, paints, furniture

Sick-building syndrome – buildings that have poor air quality, caused by tightly sealed buildings.

Need to identify and remove the source of indoor air pollution

Ventilation in another way of removing indoor air pollution

Radon Gas – colorless, tasteless, odorless, radioactive, natural

Element produced by the radioactive decay of uranium

Comes from the earth through racks in floors

Can destroy genetic material and cause lung cancer

2^nd leading cause of lung cancer

Asbestos – long, thin fibers made of minerals, used for insulation, strength and resistance to heat or as a fire retardant

Inhaled fibers cut and scar the lungs, caused the disease asbestosis

Difficulty breathing can lead to heart failure

Noise pollution – affects human health and quality of life

Air planes, traffic, construction, factories, home appliances, lawn mowers

Can cause loss of hearing, high blood pressure, stress, loss of sleep, decreased productivity

Intensity of sound measured in decibels (dB)

0 is the faintest sound that can be heard by human ear

Each increase in decibel intensity is 10* louder than previous level

Light pollution – is not a direct hazard to human health

Does affect our environment

Diminishes view of night sky

Is wasted light/energy the source of which is polluting

Solutions are shielding of light so that it is directed downward, using time controls, using low pressure sodium light sources that are very efficient