Week 28, Environmental Science, Mr. Vaught Mar 10rd-14th, 2008

Objectives:

1. HFACEnvironmentalScience.blogspot.com

2. Finish Chapter 11, Water resources

3. Extra credit: field guide and community garden and news articles.

4. Continue labs, Winogradsky column, look at water samples with microscopes

6. Please bring 20oz plastic bottles and 16oz glass jars before Wednesday

Monday: 031008

Discuss: Eutrophication on Illinois River and lake Tenkiller caused by chicken litter from Arkansas. Take notes in class, turn in for participation grade.

Handouts/homework: Chapter 11 review, has an editorial on Oklahoma VS. Arkansas water dispute on the back. Answer the review questions and summarize the editorial in one paragraph. Due Wednesday

Tuesday: 031108

Mircoscope work with winogradsky columns

Turn in: questions and drawings made during class

Handout/Homework: Finish review and summary assigned Monday

Wednesday: 031208

Review for test, recycled art project ideas

Homework/handout: study for chapter 11 exam

Bring plastic bottles (20oz) and glass jars(16oz).

Thursday: 03-13-08

Chapter 11 exam

Turn in all overdue assignments, turn in journals

Handout/homework: Develop a proposal for an art project using recycled materials. Outline 12.1 on air pollution, due Monday the 24^th when we return from break.

Homework/handout:

Friday: 03-14-08

Stained glass, sculpture, 3-d art.

Environmental Journal Topics

031008 Compare and contrast the uses of water in north America and Asia. (figure 5, p 277)

031108 Summarize the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1975.

031208 What produces thermal pollution and how does it kill fish?

031308 What are three examples of heavy metals and where do these pollutants come from?

031408 No journal today

Winogradsky microscope

1. Each person should first make a wet mount slide with the water from one of the 9 columns as demonstrated by your instructor. Label the slide so that others can identify it.

Show this slide to your instructor.

2. Each person should look at each slide, first under low power and then under high power.

What colors do you see?

Are any of them moving?

If they are moving, how do they move?

3. There are three columns that have egg, paper, and sunlight. The only difference is that they have water and mud from different sources. You should compare and contrast each of these three slides under low and high magnification. Are there different organisms or are they in different quantities?

Use colored pencils to draw these organisms under high power in as much detail as possible.

You should have three colored drawings when finished.

4. When we have 5 minutes left in class it is time to clean up. Take the slide you made and wash it under the sink with soapy water. Then place the slide and the cover slip on the paper towel to dry.

Chapter 11 review.

1. What was the purpose of the Clean Water Act?

2. What does potable water mean?

3. Is a leaking oil tanker a point source pollutant or a non-point source pollutant?

4. Where does water enter an aquifer?

5. All the land that is drained by a river is called ________.

6. What are three examples of pathogens?

7. Phosphates and nitrates from laundry detergents or fertilizers lead to artificial _________.

8. The three primary uses of fresh water worldwide are residential, industrial and _________.

9. What % of the world’s water is fresh water?

10. Where do most of the pollutants in Oceans come from?

11. What does the 1990 Oil Pollution Act require?

12. What is the largest watershed in the United States?

13. Why is chlorine added to water in the water treatment process?

14. What are three ways industry uses fresh water?

15. What water management practices have been used to divert water to otherwise dry inhospitable areas?

16. Why is fresh water such a limited resource?

17. What are 5 ways you can use less water at home?

18. Write 3 examples of point source pollutants and non-point source pollutants.

19. Besides parasitic worms and bacteria, what else is considered a pathogen?

20. Why is it so hard to clean ground water?

Honors should also be able to discuss or use the following terms: biomagnification, watersheds, recharge zones, reservoirs, desalinization, water purification, pathogens, artificial eutrophication, phosphates, sewage sludge, aquifers, and point and not-point sources of pollution.

What causes most fresh, surface water pollution, ocean pollution, and ground water pollution and what are methods to clean them up or prevent each of them?

Why don’t we run out of water?

Describe laws that were designed to prevent water pollution.

Chapter 11.1 outline: Water Use and Management

We all live downstream of water pollution (all are affected)

World Health Organization – over 1 billion people lack access to clean, reliable source of fresh water.

Global water use

Most water is used for agriculture (to irrigate crops), except Europe which uses more for industry, the third use is residential

Residential water use (8% world wide)

Average person in US uses about 300L (80 gallons) per day (inside and outside home)

In India average is about 41 liters/day

Water treatment – to make it potable – safe to drink

to remove elements such as mercury, arsenic, and lead which are poisonous to people even in small amounts.

To remove pathogens- organisms that cause illness or disease

Viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and parasitic worms

Often found in water contaminated with sewage or animal feces

Steps in typical drinking water treatment

Filtration, coagulation, filtration, clorination, aeration, fluoride or sodium

Industrial water use (19% worldwide)

To manufacture goods, dispose of waste, generate power (to cool power plants)

1,000 Liters to produce 1kg of aluminum

50,000L to manufacture a car

Agricultral Water Use (67% worldwide)

As much as 80% of water used for agriculture evaporates and never reaches the roo ts

Irrigation – method of watering plants besides precipitation

Water Management Projects

Aqueducts, dams, water diversion canals

Bring water to a dry area to make it habitable

Water diversion projects-

Dams and reservoirs- artificial lakes behind dams

Often displace people who lived by the river before the dam was built

Water conservation- methods to save water

In agriculture – drip irrigation, looses less water to evaporation, seepage or runoff

In industry- recycling water

At home – low flow toilets and shower heads

Xeriscaping- landscaping that uses minimal water, often uses native plants that are adapted to the local climate

Solutions for the future

Desalinization – process of removing salt from salt water

Transporting water – (from Alaskan rivers to California) or towing icebergs

Chapter 11.1 outline: Water resources

Fresh and salt water

Water has been around for billions of years

People need fresh water for drinking and agriculture

People can only live for a few days without water

The water cycle

Earth “water planet” solid, liquid and gas

Evaporation- on surface of earth, change from liquid to gas,

leaves behind salts and other impurities

gas water vapor rises into air, cools, condenses back into liquid  clouds

falls back to earth as rain

Global water distribution

71% of earth is covered with water

97% salt water

3% fresh water

Fresh water 77% frozen in icecaps and glaciers

Fresh water 22% ground water

Fresh water 1% other (rivers, lakes, streams, wetlands) surface water

Surface water is fresh water on Earth’s land surface

Distribution plays vital role in development of human societies and populations

People build near reliable sources of fresh water

Near lakes and rivers

Also used for transportation, crops, industry

River systems- network of rivers and streams that are all connected

Mississippi, Nile, Amazon – largest river system in the world

Watershed- the area of land that is drained by a river system

Amount of water varies throughout the year, snow melt and rain

Ground water – underground

Water percolates through the soil down into the rocks beneath

Water table – level underground where the rocks and soil are saturated – full of water

Aquifers- an underground formation that contains water (like an underground lake)

Consist of rock sand and gravel, lots of space for water (like a sponge)

Ground water can dissolve some rocks like limestone

Porosity- amount of space between the particles that make up a rock, pores, small holes

The more porous a rock the more water it can hold

Permeability- the ability of rock or soil to allow water to flow through it

Permeable- allows water to move through it

Such as sandstone, limestone, gravel or sand

Impermeable – does not allow water to move through it

Recharge zone- permeable layers where surface water can travel through and percolate into an aquifer

Structures such as parking lots and buildings are impermeable to water can reduce the amount of water entering an aquifer.

Aquifers can take 10,000s of years to recharge

Wells- hole dug or drilled to reach ground water

Water is filtered as it travels through the permeable layers making it cleaner that surface water which often has many types of bacteria that cause diseases in humans

Height of water table changes seasonally

Wells may dry up in drought

If pump water from a well faster than it can be recharged then it will go dry

Water bourne diseases

The following are water bourne diseases. Do research on one of the following diseases.

Assigned Friday 02-29-08. Due Tuesday, 03-04-08. Each question worth 10 pts. Drawing is worth 30 points.

Amebiasis (Entamoeba histolytica Infection)

Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium Infection)

Cyclosporiasis (Cyclospora Infection)

Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease)

Entamoeba histolytica Infection (Amebiasis)

Giardiasis (Giardia Infection)

Guinea Worm Disease (Dracunculiasis)

1. What causes it?

2. Is it a bacteria or a virus?

3. Draw a picture of it.

4. What are the dimensions of it (how big is it)?

5. Could you see if with our microscopes?

6. What are the symptoms?

7. How is it prevented?

8. In what countries might you catch this disease?

Week 27, Environmental Science, Mr. Vaught Mar 3rd-7th, 2008

Objectives:

1. HFACEnvironmentalScience.blogspot.com

2. Chapter 11, Water resources

3. Extra credit: field guide and community garden and news articles.

4. Continue labs, Winogradsky column

6. Please bring 20oz plastic bottles and 16oz glass jars before Wednesday

Monday: 030308

Discuss: 11.1 and 11.2 Water cycle, water resources, and water management

Handouts: 11.1 and 11.2 quizes (each have an assignment on the back) due Tuesday

Homework: finish quizzes as well as research on a water bourn disease

Also, look at you family’s water bill. Find out how much water you family uses in a month and in a year. Now divide this by the number of people in your family to find out how much water each person uses. You could divide this by 30 for an estimate of how much water you use each day. Finally, what steps could you and your family take to use less water.

Tuesday: 030408

Read and answer questions on Sick Waters: Excess nutrients that harm the health of our waters.

Turn in: quiz 11.1 and 11.2 as well as assignments on back of each of these

Handout/Homework: Outline 11.3 due Thursday

Wednesday: 030508

Botled water vs. tap water

Homework/handout: finish 11.3 outline

Bring plastic bottles (20oz) and glass jars(16oz).

Thursday: 03-06-08

Video commercials for Tap or bottled water

Handout/homework: review for chapter 11, due Monday 3-10-08.

Homework/handout:

Friday: 03-07-08

Notes on Winogradsky columns

Discussion of water pollution

Quiz 11.3

Environmental Journal Topics

030308 Worldwide, what is most fresh water used for?

030408 What is the difference between a point source pollutant and a non-point source pollutant?

030508 Summarize the Clean Water Act. (p. 292-3)

030608 The estuary where the Mississippi flows into the Gulf of Mexico is extremely pollulted. Who should have the responsibility to clean it up – individuals, local, state, or federal government?

030708 Notes on Winogradsky columns.