Week 29, Environmental Science, Mr. Vaught Mar 24^th-28th, 2008

Objectives:

1. HFACEnvironmentalScience.blogspot.com

2. Chapter 12, Air polution

3. Extra credit: field guide and community garden and news articles.

4. Continue labs, Winogradsky column, look at water samples with microscopes

6. Please bring 20oz plastic bottles and 16oz glass jars before Wednesday

Monday: 032408

Discuss: Primary and secondary air pollutants, their sources and effects

Handouts/homework:

Turn in: outline 12.1 and recycled art project (assigned before spring break)

Tuesday: 032508

Read in class about sources and effects of primary pollutants and how we can prevent them

Handout/Homework: outline 12.2

Wednesday: 032608

Quiz 12.1

Turn in: outline 12.2

Homework/handout:

Bring plastic bottles (20oz) and glass jars(16oz).

Thursday: 03-27-08

Handout/homework:

Homework/handout:

Friday: 03-28-08

Begin lab on acid and bases

Turn in journals and outline 5.3

Environmental Journal Topics

032408 What is the difference between a primary and a secondary air pollutant?

032508 Would you voluntarily breathe carbon monoxide, Particulate matter or Volatile Organic compounds? Why or why not?

032608 What are short-term and long-term effects of noise pollution?

032708 Identify 3 long term and 3 short term health effects from air pollution.

032808 How are the Winogradsky columns different than from before spring break?

Chapter 12.1 outline Air pollution

Clean air mostly N , and O gas with a little CO , argon and water

Harmful amount of other substances = air pollution

Can be solids, liquids or gas

Usually come from humans, can come from natural sources like volcanoes, dust, pollen, spores

Primary pollution – put directly into air by humans

Secondary pollution – form when primary pollutants combine with naturally occurring substances such as water vapor,

Ground-level Ozone – formed when emissions from vehicles react with UV rays and then mix with Oxygen

Sources of Primary Air Pollutants (see table 1, p. 304)

VOC = volatile organic compounds

CO = carbon monoxide

NO = nitrous oxides

SO = sulfur dioxide

PM = particulate matter

History of Air Pollution = whenever something is burned

Motor Vehicle Emmisions source of about 1/3 of air pollution from gasoline powered vehicles

Clean air act of 1970, strengthened in 1990

Gives the EPA, Environmental Protection Act, the authority to regulate vehicle emissions

Gradually eliminated the use of lead in gasoline 90 reduction in lead pollution

Required catalytic converters to be used

California Zero-emmisions vehicle program by the California Air Resources Board

Promotes vehicles that have no emissions from gasoline

16% goal by 2016, use electric or natural gas (methanol)

Industrial Air pollution –

Power plants Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides

VOC = toxic fumes

Dry cleaning, oil refineries, chemical plants, furniture finishers, automobile repair shops

Regulating industrial air pollution

Clean air act requires some to use scrubbers or other pollution control devices

Scrubbers – spray of water that removes many pollutants

Electrostatic precipitators – remove dust particles from cement or coal fired power plants

Smog – visible pollution over urban areas, auto exhaust, sunlight, air, ozone

Temperature inversions – air above is warmer than the air below, this traps pollutants near the earth’s surface sometimes caused by surrounding mountains

Recycled Art Project Due Monday the 24^th.

It is possible to make art out of practically anything. Old paper, magazines, cardboard, glass, plastic bottles, shoe boxes, shoes, clothes, scraps of wood, sticks, stones, bones, aluminum cans… The list goes on and on.

You can make collages, dioramas, sculpture, furniture, jewelry, etc.

You are only limited by your creativity and the amount of effort you put into it.

Your assignment is to come up with an art project that uses primarily recycled materials.

You can choose one of the two options below.

1. If you have the materials to do the art project you should do so over spring break and bring it to class on the following Monday to present to the class (Tell the class what it is made of and how you made it).

2. If you do not have the material on hand, need additional materials or advice, or think it might be a good project to do as a class, then you can write a one page proposal to turn in when we return. The proposal should be well thought out. It should list:

• all the materials needed to do the project

• instructions on how to do the project

• an estimate on how long it will take to do the project.

The objective of this project is to have you think about recycling and do something creative over spring break. It should be fun. You should spend at least a couple of hours and put some effort into it (if you just glue two bottle caps together and call it art, your grade will reflect your effort).

If you find that you are stuck in thinking of a project, there are several web sites with examples and suggestions on how to make art from found objects and trash.

In addition to these projects, Outline 12.1 for homework. Due Monday the 24^th.

Week 28, Environmental Science, Mr. Vaught Mar 10rd-14th, 2008

Objectives:

1. HFACEnvironmentalScience.blogspot.com

2. Finish Chapter 11, Water resources

3. Extra credit: field guide and community garden and news articles.

4. Continue labs, Winogradsky column, look at water samples with microscopes

6. Please bring 20oz plastic bottles and 16oz glass jars before Wednesday

Monday: 031008

Discuss: Eutrophication on Illinois River and lake Tenkiller caused by chicken litter from Arkansas. Take notes in class, turn in for participation grade.

Handouts/homework: Chapter 11 review, has an editorial on Oklahoma VS. Arkansas water dispute on the back. Answer the review questions and summarize the editorial in one paragraph. Due Wednesday

Tuesday: 031108

Mircoscope work with winogradsky columns

Turn in: questions and drawings made during class

Handout/Homework: Finish review and summary assigned Monday

Wednesday: 031208

Review for test, recycled art project ideas

Homework/handout: study for chapter 11 exam

Bring plastic bottles (20oz) and glass jars(16oz).

Thursday: 03-13-08

Chapter 11 exam

Turn in all overdue assignments, turn in journals

Handout/homework: Develop a proposal for an art project using recycled materials. Outline 12.1 on air pollution, due Monday the 24^th when we return from break.

Homework/handout:

Friday: 03-14-08

Stained glass, sculpture, 3-d art.

Environmental Journal Topics

031008 Compare and contrast the uses of water in north America and Asia. (figure 5, p 277)

031108 Summarize the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1975.

031208 What produces thermal pollution and how does it kill fish?

031308 What are three examples of heavy metals and where do these pollutants come from?

031408 No journal today

Winogradsky microscope

1. Each person should first make a wet mount slide with the water from one of the 9 columns as demonstrated by your instructor. Label the slide so that others can identify it.

Show this slide to your instructor.

2. Each person should look at each slide, first under low power and then under high power.

What colors do you see?

Are any of them moving?

If they are moving, how do they move?

3. There are three columns that have egg, paper, and sunlight. The only difference is that they have water and mud from different sources. You should compare and contrast each of these three slides under low and high magnification. Are there different organisms or are they in different quantities?

Use colored pencils to draw these organisms under high power in as much detail as possible.

You should have three colored drawings when finished.

4. When we have 5 minutes left in class it is time to clean up. Take the slide you made and wash it under the sink with soapy water. Then place the slide and the cover slip on the paper towel to dry.

Chapter 11 review.

1. What was the purpose of the Clean Water Act?

2. What does potable water mean?

3. Is a leaking oil tanker a point source pollutant or a non-point source pollutant?

4. Where does water enter an aquifer?

5. All the land that is drained by a river is called ________.

6. What are three examples of pathogens?

7. Phosphates and nitrates from laundry detergents or fertilizers lead to artificial _________.

8. The three primary uses of fresh water worldwide are residential, industrial and _________.

9. What % of the world’s water is fresh water?

10. Where do most of the pollutants in Oceans come from?

11. What does the 1990 Oil Pollution Act require?

12. What is the largest watershed in the United States?

13. Why is chlorine added to water in the water treatment process?

14. What are three ways industry uses fresh water?

15. What water management practices have been used to divert water to otherwise dry inhospitable areas?

16. Why is fresh water such a limited resource?

17. What are 5 ways you can use less water at home?

18. Write 3 examples of point source pollutants and non-point source pollutants.

19. Besides parasitic worms and bacteria, what else is considered a pathogen?

20. Why is it so hard to clean ground water?

Honors should also be able to discuss or use the following terms: biomagnification, watersheds, recharge zones, reservoirs, desalinization, water purification, pathogens, artificial eutrophication, phosphates, sewage sludge, aquifers, and point and not-point sources of pollution.

What causes most fresh, surface water pollution, ocean pollution, and ground water pollution and what are methods to clean them up or prevent each of them?

Why don’t we run out of water?

Describe laws that were designed to prevent water pollution.

Chapter 11.1 outline: Water Use and Management

We all live downstream of water pollution (all are affected)

World Health Organization – over 1 billion people lack access to clean, reliable source of fresh water.

Global water use

Most water is used for agriculture (to irrigate crops), except Europe which uses more for industry, the third use is residential

Residential water use (8% world wide)

Average person in US uses about 300L (80 gallons) per day (inside and outside home)

In India average is about 41 liters/day

Water treatment – to make it potable – safe to drink

to remove elements such as mercury, arsenic, and lead which are poisonous to people even in small amounts.

To remove pathogens- organisms that cause illness or disease

Viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and parasitic worms

Often found in water contaminated with sewage or animal feces

Steps in typical drinking water treatment

Filtration, coagulation, filtration, clorination, aeration, fluoride or sodium

Industrial water use (19% worldwide)

To manufacture goods, dispose of waste, generate power (to cool power plants)

1,000 Liters to produce 1kg of aluminum

50,000L to manufacture a car

Agricultral Water Use (67% worldwide)

As much as 80% of water used for agriculture evaporates and never reaches the roo ts

Irrigation – method of watering plants besides precipitation

Water Management Projects

Aqueducts, dams, water diversion canals

Bring water to a dry area to make it habitable

Water diversion projects-

Dams and reservoirs- artificial lakes behind dams

Often displace people who lived by the river before the dam was built

Water conservation- methods to save water

In agriculture – drip irrigation, looses less water to evaporation, seepage or runoff

In industry- recycling water

At home – low flow toilets and shower heads

Xeriscaping- landscaping that uses minimal water, often uses native plants that are adapted to the local climate

Solutions for the future

Desalinization – process of removing salt from salt water

Transporting water – (from Alaskan rivers to California) or towing icebergs