Week 32, Environmental Science, Mr. Vaught April 14^th – April 18^th, 2008

Objectives:

1. HFACEnvironmentalScience.blogspot.com

2. Chapter 13, Exam the causes and climate and climate change, the ozone layer, and global warming.

3. Extra credit: field guide and community garden and news articles.

4. Continue labs, Winogradsky column, look at water samples with microscopes

Monday: 041408

Go over the review for 13 and map work

Handouts/homework: Take home quiz 13.3 on global warming, study for exam 13

Tuesday: 041508

Exam on chapter 13

Handout/Homework: Begin outlining 20.1 on pollution and human health, due Thursday

Wednesday: 041608

Movie, Al Gore, Disposable truth

Homework/handout:

Thursday: 04-17-08

Toxicology and epidemiology discussion

Handout/homework:

Friday: 04-11-08

Architecture and the environment

Turn in journals

Handout: 12 review

Environmental Journal Topics

041408 Why is protecting the rain forest important to protecting the world from global warming?

041508 Why is surface level ozone production a problem and not a solution to ozone destruction in the stratosphere?

041608 What is Al Gore best known for?

041708 What is the difference between hormone mimics and hormone disruptors?

041808 List 5 pollutants, their sources, and their possible affects on human health.

Review chapter 13

1. Global warming leads to

Rising sea level, increased droughts, increased storms.

2. CO2 has been measured in Hawaii since 1958 shows steady increase.

3. CO2 reduced by oceans, phytoplankton, and tropical rain forests

4. Although CFCs reduced, still a treat because they persist and destroy ozone for decades.

5. Ozone hole appears over poles because they have stratospheric clouds where Cl2 is captured.

6. Ozone protects by blocking UV light from the sun.

7. Seasonal changes occur because of earths tilt on axis of 23.5 degrees in relation to sun.

8. Elevation changes climate because, temperature falls as elevation increases.

9. As cold air sinks, it compresses and warms.

10. Weather is the atmospheric conditions on a specific day.

11. Surface ocean currents caused by wind and influenced by earths rotation.

12. La Nina has cooler water in eastern Pacific ocean.

13. Greenhouse effect, atmosphere traps heat radiated up from earths surface.

14. DNA damage caused by high UV radiation at earth’s surface.

15. Montreal protocol, established international limits on CFC production to protect the ozone layer.

16. El Nino, wind push warm water eastward in the pacific ocean.

17. CO2, greenhouse gas released into atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned.

18. Prevailing winds, trade winds, westerlies, polar easterlies.

19. Equatorial regions, have vertical sunlight, direct and strong sunlight.

20. Ozone molecules are destroyed by chlorine atoms that come from CFCs

21. Latitude –

22. Kyoto protocol –

23. Warm air can hold more water vapor than cold air

24. It takes 10-20 years for CFCs to reach the stratosphere.

25. Why is surface level ozone production a problem and not a solution to ozone destruction in the stratosphere?

26. Why is protecting the rain forest important to protecting the world from global warming?

Outline/questions for 13.2: Ozone Shield

The following are questions about the ozone shield that should be answered in a good outline of 13.2

What is the ozone layer made of?

What layer of the sky is it in?

How high up is this?

What does it protect us from?

Chemicals that cause ozone depletion

What chemicals damage the ozone layer?

How long does it take them to reach the ozone layer from the surface of the earth?

One CFC can destroy _______ ozone molecules.

The Ozone Hole

When did scientists first notice a thinning of the ozone layer?

Where is it the most thin?

How does the Ozone hole form?

What is the polar vortex?

Where does it occur?

How cold are these winds?

What are polar stratospheric clouds?

Where do they form?

When do they form?

What are they made of?

On the surface of these clouds ________ is converted to molecular ___________.

When these molecular chlorine are hit by _____ light in the spring they split into chlorine atoms which then destroy ________.

Affects of Ozone thinning of Humans

How does the thinning of the ozone layer affect humans?

Affects on Ozone thinning on Animals and plants

How does it affect other living things on earth?

What are phytoplankton?

How might they be affected by a thinning Ozone layer?

How does it affect plants?

How does it affect amphibians (like frogs)?

Protecting the Ozone layer

What have people done to protect the ozone layer?

What was the Montreal Protocol?

When was it passed?

Was it successful?

Week 31, Environmental Science, Mr. Vaught April 7^th – April 11^th, 2008

Objectives:

1. HFACEnvironmentalScience.blogspot.com

2. Chapter 12, Learn the causes and climate and climate change, the ozone layer, and global warming.

3. Extra credit: field guide and community garden and news articles.

4. Continue labs, Winogradsky column, look at water samples with microscopes

6. Please bring 20oz plastic bottles and 16oz glass jars before Wednesday

Monday: 040708

Discuss factors that influence our climate

Turn in 13.1 outline

Handouts/homework:

Tuesday: 040808

Globe and flashlight, latitude and longitude, seasons, sunset, prevailing winds.

Quiz on 13.1: Climate and Climate change

Handout/Homework: Outline 13.2 The ozone shield, due Thursday the 10^th

Wednesday: 040908

Ozone layer, the hole and prevention

Homework/handout:

Bring plastic bottles (20oz) and glass jars(16oz).

Thursday: 04-10-08

Handout/homework:

Friday: 04-11-08

Turn in journals and review

Environmental Journal Topics

040708 What is the most important factor in determining climate?

040808 Describe the difference between El Nino and La Nina weather patterns and how they affect the US.

040908 Describe three ways the hole in the ozone layer will affect life on earth?

041008 How many tons of CFCs were produced by Developed countries in 1986? How many were produced in 1996?

041108 Winogradsky columns.

Chapter 12.1 outline Air pollution

Clean air mostly N , and O gas with a little CO , argon and water

Harmful amount of other substances = air pollution

Can be solids, liquids or gas

Usually come from humans, can come from natural sources like volcanoes, dust, pollen, spores

Primary pollution – put directly into air by humans

Secondary pollution – form when primary pollutants combine with naturally occurring substances such as water vapor,

Ground-level Ozone – formed when emissions from vehicles react with UV rays and then mix with Oxygen

Sources of Primary Air Pollutants (see table 1, p. 304)

VOC = volatile organic compounds

CO = carbon monoxide

NO = nitrous oxides

SO = sulfur dioxide

PM = particulate matter

History of Air Pollution = whenever something is burned

Motor Vehicle Emmisions source of about 1/3 of air pollution from gasoline powered vehicles

Try to control with catalytic converters, convert HC, CO, and NO to H2O, CO2 and N2

Clean air act of 1970, strengthened in 1990

Gives the EPA, Environmental Protection Act, the authority to regulate vehicle emissions

Gradually eliminated the use of lead in gasoline 90 reduction in lead pollution

Required catalytic converters to be used

California Zero-emmisions vehicle program by the California Air Resources Board

Promotes vehicles that have no emissions from gasoline

16% goal by 2016, use electric or natural gas (methanol)

Industrial Air pollution –

Power plants Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides

VOC = toxic fumes

Dry cleaning, oil refineries, chemical plants, furniture finishers, automobile repair shops

Regulating industrial air pollution

Clean air act requires some to use scrubbers or other pollution control devices

Scrubbers – spray of water that removes many pollutants

Electrostatic precipitators – remove dust particles from cement or coal fired power plants

Smog – visible pollution over urban areas, auto exhaust, sunlight, air, ozone

Temperature inversions – air above is warmer than the air below, this traps pollutants near the earth’s surface sometimes caused by surrounding mountains

Week 30, Environmental Science, Mr. Vaught Mar 31^st – April 4^th, 2008

Objectives:

1. HFACEnvironmentalScience.blogspot.com

2. Chapter 12, Learn the causes and solutions to Air pollution.

3. Extra credit: field guide and community garden and news articles.

4. Continue labs, Winogradsky column, look at water samples with microscopes

6. Please bring 20oz plastic bottles and 16oz glass jars before Wednesday

Monday: 033108

Discuss lab on Acids and bases

Make up quizzes and work from last week

Handouts/homework: See handout on acids and bases.

Research paper making, what resources are used and what pollutants are released in making paper? Write answer in paragraph form, 100-200 words.

Due Wednesday, April 2^nd.

Tuesday: 040108

Quiz on 12.3 Acid rain

Concept review or Critical thinking worksheet.

Handout/Homework: Chapter 12 review, due Thursday

Wednesday: 040208

Making paper from recycled paper, dryer lint, leaves, flowers.

Turn in: paper on paper making

Homework/handout: Chapter 12 review

Bring plastic bottles (20oz) and glass jars(16oz).

Thursday: 04-03-08

In class review

More paper making

Handout/homework:

Homework/handout:

Friday: 04-04-08

Exam on chapter 12.

Turn in journals and review

After completing exam, begin outline for chapter 13 on Atmosphere and climate change

Environmental Journal Topics

033108 If each whole number on the pH scale represents a tenfold change in acidity, with the lower numbers being more acidic, how much more acidic is lemon juice with a pH of 2 than tomato juice with a pH of 4?

040108 Describe a building that is most likely to have poor air quality.

040208 What steps have the EPA, the State of California and the automobile industry taken to reduce air pollution?

040308 What are five ways individuals can reduce air pollution?

040408 What heavy metals are leached out of the soil when the precipitation is acidic?

Chapter 12.3 outline Acid Precipitation = acid rain

What causes Acid precipitation

rain, sleet, snow that is more acidic than normal

when fossil fuels are burned they release primary pollutants SO2 and NOx, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen

these combine with water in the air and form surfuric and nitric acids

flows into streams, rivers and lakes

kills living things including plants and animals

pH (power of hydrogen) scale is used to measure how acidic or basic a substance is

lower #s are more acidic, 7 is neutral, higher #s are more basic

each # increase indicates a 10 fold increase in H+ concentration

pure water has pH of 7.0

normal rain has pH of 5.6, slightly acidic because CO2 in air forms carbonic acid

often acid rain occurs downwind of large cities and industries

plants and animals have evolved to live within a particular pH range, evolution takes very long time (thousands or millions of years)

How acidic precipitation affects soils and plants

Acidification – increase in the concentration of acid, lowers the pH

Causes some nutrients to dissolve and wash away

Causes aluminum and other toxic metals to be released by soil and absorbed by plants

Also causes root damage

SO2 in water vapor (fog) clogs the openings on the surface of plants (suffocating them)

Acid precipitation and aquatic ecosystems

Acidic water can kill plants, fish and other animals

Causes aluminum to leach out of soil and into the water, accumulates in the gills of fish and interferes with oxygen and salt exchange, fish slowly suffocate

Acid shock – very quick change in pH due to snow melting in spring,  large fish kills

Affects reproduction of fish and amphibians, produce fewer eggs and many do not hatch

Off spring that do survive often have birth defects and cannot reproduce

To offset the acidification some states spray powdered limestone (basic) to neutralize acidic lakes. Not feasible to do this with all lakes and streams.

Acid precipitation and humans

release of aluminum and mercury from the soil can pollute our food and poison our body

may also cause respiratory (breathing) problems in children

hurts the fishing industry and forestry

can dissolve calcium carbonate in building materials and monuments (Michael Angelo’s David) made of marble and black crusts to form on historic Greek monuments

International Conflict and Cooperation

Acid precipitation often falls (downwind) 100s of kM away from the source of the pollution – crosses state and international boundaries, making it necessary for countries to work together, be good neighbors, to solve problems.